Comment puis-je implémenter un arbre en Python? Existe-t-il des structures de données intégrées en Python, comme en Java?
J'essaie de construire un arbre général. Existe-t-il des structures de données intégrées à Python pour implémenter une arborescence?
n'importe quel arbre
Je recommande https://pypi.python.org/pypi/anytree (je suis l'auteur)
Exemple
from anytree import Node, RenderTree
udo = Node("Udo")
marc = Node("Marc", parent=udo)
lian = Node("Lian", parent=marc)
dan = Node("Dan", parent=udo)
jet = Node("Jet", parent=dan)
jan = Node("Jan", parent=dan)
joe = Node("Joe", parent=dan)
print(udo)
Node('/Udo')
print(joe)
Node('/Udo/Dan/Joe')
for pre, fill, node in RenderTree(udo):
print("%s%s" % (pre, node.name))
Udo
├── Marc
│ └── Lian
└── Dan
├── Jet
├── Jan
└── Joe
print(dan.children)
(Node('/Udo/Dan/Jet'), Node('/Udo/Dan/Jan'), Node('/Udo/Dan/Joe'))
Caractéristiques
anytree dispose également d'une API puissante avec:
- création d'arbres simple
- modification d'arbre simple
- itération de l'arbre en pré-commande
- itération de l'arbre post-commande
- résoudre les chemins de noeud relatifs et absolus
- marcher d'un noeud à un autre.
- rendu d'arbre (voir exemple ci-dessus)
- nœud attacher/détacher des raccordements
Python ne possède pas la gamme complète de structures de données "intégrées", contrairement à Java. Cependant, comme Python est dynamique, il est facile de créer une arborescence générale. Par exemple, un arbre binaire pourrait être:
class Tree:
def __init__(self):
self.left = None
self.right = None
self.data = None
Vous pouvez l'utiliser comme ceci:
root = Tree()
root.data = "root"
root.left = Tree()
root.left.data = "left"
root.right = Tree()
root.right.data = "right"
Une arborescence générique est un nœud avec zéro enfant ou plus, chacun étant un nœud approprié (arborescence). Ce n'est pas la même chose qu'un arbre binaire, ce sont des structures de données différentes, bien que les deux partagent une terminologie.
Il n'y a pas de structure de données intégrée pour les arbres génériques en Python, mais elle est facilement implémentée avec des classes.
class Tree(object):
"Generic tree node."
def __init__(self, name='root', children=None):
self.name = name
self.children = []
if children is not None:
for child in children:
self.add_child(child)
def __repr__(self):
return self.name
def add_child(self, node):
assert isinstance(node, Tree)
self.children.append(node)
# *
# /|\
# 1 2 +
# / \
# 3 4
t = Tree('*', [Tree('1'),
Tree('2'),
Tree('+', [Tree('3'),
Tree('4')])])
Tu peux essayer:
from collections import defaultdict
def tree(): return defaultdict(tree)
users = tree()
users['harold']['username'] = 'hrldcpr'
users['handler']['username'] = 'matthandlersux'
Comme suggéré ici: https://Gist.github.com/2012250
Il n'y a pas d'arborescence intégrée, mais vous pouvez facilement en construire une en sous-classant un type de nœud de List et en écrivant les méthodes de traversée. Si vous faites cela, j'ai trouvé bisect utile.
Il existe également de nombreuses implémentations sur PyPi que vous pouvez parcourir.
Si je me souviens bien, la bibliothèque standard Python n'inclut pas les structures de données d'arborescence pour la même raison que la bibliothèque de classes de base .NET: la localité de la mémoire est réduite, ce qui entraîne davantage d'erreurs de cache. Sur les processeurs modernes, il est généralement plus rapide d’apporter une grande quantité de mémoire dans le cache, et les structures de données "riches en pointeur" annulent les avantages.
class Node:
"""
Class Node
"""
def __init__(self, value):
self.left = None
self.data = value
self.right = None
class Tree:
"""
Class tree will provide a tree as well as utility functions.
"""
def createNode(self, data):
"""
Utility function to create a node.
"""
return Node(data)
def insert(self, node , data):
"""
Insert function will insert a node into tree.
Duplicate keys are not allowed.
"""
#if tree is empty , return a root node
if node is None:
return self.createNode(data)
# if data is smaller than parent , insert it into left side
if data < node.data:
node.left = self.insert(node.left, data)
Elif data > node.data:
node.right = self.insert(node.right, data)
return node
def search(self, node, data):
"""
Search function will search a node into tree.
"""
# if root is None or root is the search data.
if node is None or node.data == data:
return node
if node.data < data:
return self.search(node.right, data)
else:
return self.search(node.left, data)
def deleteNode(self,node,data):
"""
Delete function will delete a node into tree.
Not complete , may need some more scenarion that we can handle
Now it is handling only leaf.
"""
# Check if tree is empty.
if node is None:
return None
# searching key into BST.
if data < node.data:
node.left = self.deleteNode(node.left, data)
Elif data > node.data:
node.right = self.deleteNode(node.right, data)
else: # reach to the node that need to delete from BST.
if node.left is None and node.right is None:
del node
if node.left == None:
temp = node.right
del node
return temp
Elif node.right == None:
temp = node.left
del node
return temp
return node
def traverseInorder(self, root):
"""
traverse function will print all the node in the tree.
"""
if root is not None:
self.traverseInorder(root.left)
print root.data
self.traverseInorder(root.right)
def traversePreorder(self, root):
"""
traverse function will print all the node in the tree.
"""
if root is not None:
print root.data
self.traversePreorder(root.left)
self.traversePreorder(root.right)
def traversePostorder(self, root):
"""
traverse function will print all the node in the tree.
"""
if root is not None:
self.traversePreorder(root.left)
self.traversePreorder(root.right)
print root.data
def main():
root = None
tree = Tree()
root = tree.insert(root, 10)
print root
tree.insert(root, 20)
tree.insert(root, 30)
tree.insert(root, 40)
tree.insert(root, 70)
tree.insert(root, 60)
tree.insert(root, 80)
print "Traverse Inorder"
tree.traverseInorder(root)
print "Traverse Preorder"
tree.traversePreorder(root)
print "Traverse Postorder"
tree.traversePostorder(root)
if __== "__main__":
main()
J'ai implémenté un arbre enraciné comme dictionnaire {child:parent}. Ainsi, par exemple, avec le noeud racine 0, une arborescence pourrait ressembler à ceci:
tree={1:0, 2:0, 3:1, 4:2, 5:3}
Cette structure permettait très facilement de remonter le long d’un chemin allant d’un nœud à la racine, ce qui était pertinent pour le problème sur lequel je travaillais.
La réponse de Greg Hewgill est excellente, mais si vous avez besoin de plus de nœuds par niveau, vous pouvez utiliser un dictionnaire | list pour les créer: Et ensuite, utilisez la méthode pour y accéder par nom ou par ordre (comme id)
class node(object):
def __init__(self):
self.name=None
self.node=[]
self.otherInfo = None
self.prev=None
def nex(self,child):
"Gets a node by number"
return self.node[child]
def prev(self):
return self.prev
def goto(self,data):
"Gets the node by name"
for child in range(0,len(self.node)):
if(self.node[child].name==data):
return self.node[child]
def add(self):
node1=node()
self.node.append(node1)
node1.prev=self
return node1
Maintenant, créez simplement une racine et construisez-la: Ex:
tree=node() #create a node
tree.name="root" #name it root
tree.otherInfo="blue" #or what ever
tree=tree.add() #add a node to the root
tree.name="node1" #name it
root
/
child1
tree=tree.add()
tree.name="grandchild1"
root
/
child1
/
grandchild1
tree=tree.prev()
tree=tree.add()
tree.name="gchild2"
root
/
child1
/ \
grandchild1 gchild2
tree=tree.prev()
tree=tree.prev()
tree=tree.add()
tree=tree.name="child2"
root
/ \
child1 child2
/ \
grandchild1 gchild2
tree=tree.prev()
tree=tree.goto("child1") or tree=tree.nex(0)
tree.name="changed"
root
/ \
changed child2
/ \
grandchild1 gchild2
Cela devrait être suffisant pour que vous commenciez à comprendre comment faire en sorte que cela fonctionne.
class Tree(dict):
"""A tree implementation using python's autovivification feature."""
def __missing__(self, key):
value = self[key] = type(self)()
return value
#cast a (nested) dict to a (nested) Tree class
def __init__(self, data={}):
for k, data in data.items():
if isinstance(data, dict):
self[k] = type(self)(data)
else:
self[k] = data
fonctionne comme un dictionnaire, mais fournit autant de dessins imbriqués que vous voulez . Essayez ceci:
your_tree = Tree()
your_tree['a']['1']['x'] = '@'
your_tree['a']['1']['y'] = '#'
your_tree['a']['2']['x'] = '$'
your_tree['a']['3'] = '%'
your_tree['b'] = '*'
livrera un dict imbriqué ... qui fonctionne comme un arbre en effet.
{'a': {'1': {'x': '@', 'y': '#'}, '2': {'x': '$'}, '3': '%'}, 'b': '*'}
... Si vous avez déjà un dict, il convertira chaque niveau dans un arbre:
d = {'foo': {'amy': {'what': 'runs'} } }
tree = Tree(d)
print(d['foo']['amy']['what']) # returns 'runs'
d['foo']['amy']['when'] = 'now' # add new branch
De cette façon, vous pouvez continuer à éditer/ajouter/supprimer chaque niveau de dict comme bon vous semble . Toutes les méthodes de dict pour le parcours, etc., s'appliquent toujours.
J'ai implémenté des arbres en utilisant des dessins imbriqués. C'est assez facile à faire, et cela a fonctionné pour moi avec des ensembles de données assez volumineux. J'ai posté un exemple ci-dessous, et vous pouvez en voir plus à Code Google
def addBallotToTree(self, tree, ballotIndex, ballot=""):
"""Add one ballot to the tree.
The root of the tree is a dictionary that has as keys the indicies of all
continuing and winning candidates. For each candidate, the value is also
a dictionary, and the keys of that dictionary include "n" and "bi".
tree[c]["n"] is the number of ballots that rank candidate c first.
tree[c]["bi"] is a list of ballot indices where the ballots rank c first.
If candidate c is a winning candidate, then that portion of the tree is
expanded to indicate the breakdown of the subsequently ranked candidates.
In this situation, additional keys are added to the tree[c] dictionary
corresponding to subsequently ranked candidates.
tree[c]["n"] is the number of ballots that rank candidate c first.
tree[c]["bi"] is a list of ballot indices where the ballots rank c first.
tree[c][d]["n"] is the number of ballots that rank c first and d second.
tree[c][d]["bi"] is a list of the corresponding ballot indices.
Where the second ranked candidates is also a winner, then the tree is
expanded to the next level.
Losing candidates are ignored and treated as if they do not appear on the
ballots. For example, tree[c][d]["n"] is the total number of ballots
where candidate c is the first non-losing candidate, c is a winner, and
d is the next non-losing candidate. This will include the following
ballots, where x represents a losing candidate:
[c d]
[x c d]
[c x d]
[x c x x d]
During the count, the tree is dynamically updated as candidates change
their status. The parameter "tree" to this method may be the root of the
tree or may be a sub-tree.
"""
if ballot == "":
# Add the complete ballot to the tree
weight, ballot = self.b.getWeightedBallot(ballotIndex)
else:
# When ballot is not "", we are adding a truncated ballot to the tree,
# because a higher-ranked candidate is a winner.
weight = self.b.getWeight(ballotIndex)
# Get the top choice among candidates still in the running
# Note that we can't use Ballots.getTopChoiceFromWeightedBallot since
# we are looking for the top choice over a truncated ballot.
for c in ballot:
if c in self.continuing | self.winners:
break # c is the top choice so stop
else:
c = None # no candidates left on this ballot
if c is None:
# This will happen if the ballot contains only winning and losing
# candidates. The ballot index will not need to be transferred
# again so it can be thrown away.
return
# Create space if necessary.
if not tree.has_key(c):
tree[c] = {}
tree[c]["n"] = 0
tree[c]["bi"] = []
tree[c]["n"] += weight
if c in self.winners:
# Because candidate is a winner, a portion of the ballot goes to
# the next candidate. Pass on a truncated ballot so that the same
# candidate doesn't get counted twice.
i = ballot.index(c)
ballot2 = ballot[i+1:]
self.addBallotToTree(tree[c], ballotIndex, ballot2)
else:
# Candidate is in continuing so we stop here.
tree[c]["bi"].append(ballotIndex)
J'ai publié une implémentation d'arborescence Python [3] sur mon site: http://www.quesucede.com/page/show/id/python_3_tree_implementation .
J'espère que c'est utile,
Ok, voici le code:
import uuid
def sanitize_id(id):
return id.strip().replace(" ", "")
(_ADD, _DELETE, _INSERT) = range(3)
(_ROOT, _DEPTH, _WIDTH) = range(3)
class Node:
def __init__(self, name, identifier=None, expanded=True):
self.__identifier = (str(uuid.uuid1()) if identifier is None else
sanitize_id(str(identifier)))
self.name = name
self.expanded = expanded
self.__bpointer = None
self.__fpointer = []
@property
def identifier(self):
return self.__identifier
@property
def bpointer(self):
return self.__bpointer
@bpointer.setter
def bpointer(self, value):
if value is not None:
self.__bpointer = sanitize_id(value)
@property
def fpointer(self):
return self.__fpointer
def update_fpointer(self, identifier, mode=_ADD):
if mode is _ADD:
self.__fpointer.append(sanitize_id(identifier))
Elif mode is _DELETE:
self.__fpointer.remove(sanitize_id(identifier))
Elif mode is _INSERT:
self.__fpointer = [sanitize_id(identifier)]
class Tree:
def __init__(self):
self.nodes = []
def get_index(self, position):
for index, node in enumerate(self.nodes):
if node.identifier == position:
break
return index
def create_node(self, name, identifier=None, parent=None):
node = Node(name, identifier)
self.nodes.append(node)
self.__update_fpointer(parent, node.identifier, _ADD)
node.bpointer = parent
return node
def show(self, position, level=_ROOT):
queue = self[position].fpointer
if level == _ROOT:
print("{0} [{1}]".format(self[position].name,
self[position].identifier))
else:
print("\t"*level, "{0} [{1}]".format(self[position].name,
self[position].identifier))
if self[position].expanded:
level += 1
for element in queue:
self.show(element, level) # recursive call
def expand_tree(self, position, mode=_DEPTH):
# Python generator. Loosly based on an algorithm from 'Essential LISP' by
# John R. Anderson, Albert T. Corbett, and Brian J. Reiser, page 239-241
yield position
queue = self[position].fpointer
while queue:
yield queue[0]
expansion = self[queue[0]].fpointer
if mode is _DEPTH:
queue = expansion + queue[1:] # depth-first
Elif mode is _WIDTH:
queue = queue[1:] + expansion # width-first
def is_branch(self, position):
return self[position].fpointer
def __update_fpointer(self, position, identifier, mode):
if position is None:
return
else:
self[position].update_fpointer(identifier, mode)
def __update_bpointer(self, position, identifier):
self[position].bpointer = identifier
def __getitem__(self, key):
return self.nodes[self.get_index(key)]
def __setitem__(self, key, item):
self.nodes[self.get_index(key)] = item
def __len__(self):
return len(self.nodes)
def __contains__(self, identifier):
return [node.identifier for node in self.nodes
if node.identifier is identifier]
if __== "__main__":
tree = Tree()
tree.create_node("Harry", "harry") # root node
tree.create_node("Jane", "jane", parent = "harry")
tree.create_node("Bill", "bill", parent = "harry")
tree.create_node("Joe", "joe", parent = "jane")
tree.create_node("Diane", "diane", parent = "jane")
tree.create_node("George", "george", parent = "diane")
tree.create_node("Mary", "mary", parent = "diane")
tree.create_node("Jill", "jill", parent = "george")
tree.create_node("Carol", "carol", parent = "jill")
tree.create_node("Grace", "grace", parent = "bill")
tree.create_node("Mark", "mark", parent = "jane")
print("="*80)
tree.show("harry")
print("="*80)
for node in tree.expand_tree("harry", mode=_WIDTH):
print(node)
print("="*80)
De quelles opérations avez-vous besoin? Il existe souvent une bonne solution en Python utilisant un dict ou une liste avec le module bissect.
Il y a beaucoup, beaucoup d’implémentations d’arbres sur PyPI , et de nombreux types d’arbres sont presque triviaux à implémenter vous-même en pur Python. Cependant, cela est rarement nécessaire.
Si vous souhaitez créer une structure de données arborescente, vous devez d'abord créer l'objet treeElement. Si vous créez l'objet treeElement, vous pouvez alors décider du comportement de votre arbre.
Pour ce faire, voici la classe TreeElement:
class TreeElement (object):
def __init__(self):
self.elementName = None
self.element = []
self.previous = None
self.elementScore = None
self.elementParent = None
self.elementPath = []
self.treeLevel = 0
def goto(self, data):
for child in range(0, len(self.element)):
if (self.element[child].elementName == data):
return self.element[child]
def add(self):
single_element = TreeElement()
single_element.elementName = self.elementName
single_element.previous = self.elementParent
single_element.elementScore = self.elementScore
single_element.elementPath = self.elementPath
single_element.treeLevel = self.treeLevel
self.element.append(single_element)
return single_element
Maintenant, nous devons utiliser cet élément pour créer l’arbre, j’utilise A * tree dans cet exemple.
class AStarAgent(Agent):
# Initialization Function: Called one time when the game starts
def registerInitialState(self, state):
return;
# GetAction Function: Called with every frame
def getAction(self, state):
# Sorting function for the queue
def sortByHeuristic(each_element):
if each_element.elementScore:
individual_score = each_element.elementScore[0][0] + each_element.treeLevel
else:
individual_score = admissibleHeuristic(each_element)
return individual_score
# check the game is over or not
if state.isWin():
print('Job is done')
return Directions.STOP
Elif state.isLose():
print('you lost')
return Directions.STOP
# Create empty list for the next states
astar_queue = []
astar_leaf_queue = []
astar_tree_level = 0
parent_tree_level = 0
# Create Tree from the give node element
astar_tree = TreeElement()
astar_tree.elementName = state
astar_tree.treeLevel = astar_tree_level
astar_tree = astar_tree.add()
# Add first element into the queue
astar_queue.append(astar_tree)
# Traverse all the elements of the queue
while astar_queue:
# Sort the element from the queue
if len(astar_queue) > 1:
astar_queue.sort(key=lambda x: sortByHeuristic(x))
# Get the first node from the queue
astar_child_object = astar_queue.pop(0)
astar_child_state = astar_child_object.elementName
# get all legal actions for the current node
current_actions = astar_child_state.getLegalPacmanActions()
if current_actions:
# get all the successor state for these actions
for action in current_actions:
# Get the successor of the current node
next_state = astar_child_state.generatePacmanSuccessor(action)
if next_state:
# evaluate the successor states using scoreEvaluation heuristic
element_scored = [(admissibleHeuristic(next_state), action)]
# Increase the level for the child
parent_tree_level = astar_tree.goto(astar_child_state)
if parent_tree_level:
astar_tree_level = parent_tree_level.treeLevel + 1
else:
astar_tree_level += 1
# create tree for the finding the data
astar_tree.elementName = next_state
astar_tree.elementParent = astar_child_state
astar_tree.elementScore = element_scored
astar_tree.elementPath.append(astar_child_state)
astar_tree.treeLevel = astar_tree_level
astar_object = astar_tree.add()
# If the state exists then add that to the queue
astar_queue.append(astar_object)
else:
# Update the value leaf into the queue
astar_leaf_state = astar_tree.goto(astar_child_state)
astar_leaf_queue.append(astar_leaf_state)
Vous pouvez ajouter/supprimer des éléments de l'objet, mais rendre la structure intect.
Une autre implémentation d'arbre basée sur la réponse de Bruno :
class Node:
def __init__(self):
self.name: str = ''
self.children: List[Node] = []
self.parent: Node = self
def __getitem__(self, i: int) -> 'Node':
return self.children[i]
def add_child(self):
child = Node()
self.children.append(child)
child.parent = self
return child
def __str__(self) -> str:
def _get_character(x, left, right) -> str:
if x < left:
return '/'
Elif x >= right:
return '\\'
else:
return '|'
if len(self.children):
children_lines: Sequence[List[str]] = list(map(lambda child: str(child).split('\n'), self.children))
widths: Sequence[int] = list(map(lambda child_lines: len(child_lines[0]), children_lines))
max_height: int = max(map(len, children_lines))
total_width: int = sum(widths) + len(widths) - 1
left: int = (total_width - len(self.name) + 1) // 2
right: int = left + len(self.name)
return '\n'.join((
self.name.center(total_width),
' '.join(map(lambda width, position: _get_character(position - width // 2, left, right).center(width),
widths, accumulate(widths, add))),
*map(
lambda row: ' '.join(map(
lambda child_lines: child_lines[row] if row < len(child_lines) else ' ' * len(child_lines[0]),
children_lines)),
range(max_height))))
else:
return self.name
Et un exemple d'utilisation:
tree = Node()
tree.name = 'Root node'
tree.add_child()
tree[0].name = 'Child node 0'
tree.add_child()
tree[1].name = 'Child node 1'
tree.add_child()
tree[2].name = 'Child node 2'
tree[1].add_child()
tree[1][0].name = 'Grandchild 1.0'
tree[2].add_child()
tree[2][0].name = 'Grandchild 2.0'
tree[2].add_child()
tree[2][1].name = 'Grandchild 2.1'
print(tree)
Ce qui devrait produire:
Noeud principal //\ Nœud enfant 0 nœud enfant 1 nœud enfant 2 |/\ Petit-enfant 1.0 Petit-enfant 2.0 Petit-enfant 2.1
Si quelqu'un a besoin d'un moyen plus simple de le faire, un arbre n'est qu'une liste imbriquée de manière récursive (car set n'est pas hashable):
[root, [child_1, [[child_11, []], [child_12, []]], [child_2, []]]]
Où chaque branche est une paire: [objet, [enfants]]
et chaque feuille est une paire: [objet, []]
Mais si vous avez besoin d'une classe avec des méthodes, vous pouvez utiliser anytree.