web-dev-qa-db-fra.com

python: itération dans un dictionnaire avec des valeurs de liste

Étant donné un dictionnaire de listes, comme

d = {'1':[11,12], '2':[21,21]}

Quel est le plus Pythonic ou autrement préférable:

for k in d:
    for x in d[k]:
        # whatever with k, x

ou

for k, dk in d.iteritems():
    for x in dk:
        # whatever with k, x

ou y a-t-il autre chose à considérer?

EDIT, au cas où une liste pourrait être utile (par exemple, les dict standard ne préservent pas l'ordre), cela pourrait être approprié, bien que ce soit beaucoup plus lent.

d2 = d.items()
for k in d2:
        for x in d2[1]:
            # whatever with k, x
pythonpython-2.7dictionaryiterator
27
foosion

Voici un test de vitesse, pourquoi pas:

import random
numEntries = 1000000
d = dict(Zip(range(numEntries), [random.sample(range(0, 100), 2) for x in range(numEntries)]))

def m1(d):
    for k in d:
        for x in d[k]:
            pass

def m2(d):
    for k, dk in d.iteritems():
        for x in dk:
            pass

import cProfile

cProfile.run('m1(d)')

print

cProfile.run('m2(d)')

# Ran 3 trials:
# m1: 0.205, 0.194, 0.193: average 0.197 s
# m2: 0.176, 0.166, 0.173: average 0.172 s

# Method 1 takes 15% more time than method 2

exemple de sortie cProfile:

         3 function calls in 0.194 seconds

   Ordered by: standard name

   ncalls  tottime  percall  cumtime  percall filename:lineno(function)
        1    0.000    0.000    0.194    0.194 <string>:1(<module>)
        1    0.194    0.194    0.194    0.194 stackoverflow.py:7(m1)
        1    0.000    0.000    0.000    0.000 {method 'disable' of '_lsprof.Profiler' objects}



         4 function calls in 0.179 seconds

   Ordered by: standard name

   ncalls  tottime  percall  cumtime  percall filename:lineno(function)
        1    0.000    0.000    0.179    0.179 <string>:1(<module>)
        1    0.179    0.179    0.179    0.179 stackoverflow.py:12(m2)
        1    0.000    0.000    0.000    0.000 {method 'disable' of '_lsprof.Profiler' objects}
        1    0.000    0.000    0.000    0.000 {method 'iteritems' of 'dict' objects}
16
Brionius

J'ai envisagé quelques méthodes:

import itertools

COLORED_THINGS = {'blue': ['sky', 'jeans', 'powerline insert mode'],
                  'yellow': ['Sun', 'banana', 'phone book/monitor stand'],
                  'red': ['blood', 'tomato', 'test failure']}

def forloops():
    """ Nested for loops. """
    for color, things in COLORED_THINGS.items():
        for thing in things:
            pass

def iterator():
    """ Use itertools and list comprehension to construct iterator. """
    for color, thing in (
        itertools.chain.from_iterable(
            [itertools.product((k,), v) for k, v in COLORED_THINGS.items()])):
        pass

def iterator_gen():
    """ Use itertools and generator to construct iterator. """
    for color, thing in (
        itertools.chain.from_iterable(
            (itertools.product((k,), v) for k, v in COLORED_THINGS.items()))):
        pass

J'ai utilisé ipython et memory_profiler pour tester les performances:

>>> %timeit forloops()
1000000 loops, best of 3: 1.31 µs per loop

>>> %timeit iterator()
100000 loops, best of 3: 3.58 µs per loop

>>> %timeit iterator_gen()
100000 loops, best of 3: 3.91 µs per loop

>>> %memit -r 1000 forloops()
peak memory: 35.79 MiB, increment: 0.02 MiB

>>> %memit -r 1000 iterator()
peak memory: 35.79 MiB, increment: 0.00 MiB

>>> %memit -r 1000 iterator_gen()
peak memory: 35.79 MiB, increment: 0.00 MiB

Comme vous pouvez le voir, la méthode n'a eu aucun impact observable sur l'utilisation maximale de la mémoire, mais les boucles imbriquées for étaient imbattables pour la vitesse (sans parler de la lisibilité).

6
Ryne Everett

Voici l'approche de compréhension de liste. Imbriqué ...

r = [[i for i in d[x]] for x in d.keys()]
print r

[[11, 12], [21, 21]]
2
kelorek

Mes résultats du code Brionius:

         3 function calls in 0.173 seconds

   Ordered by: standard name

   ncalls  tottime  percall  cumtime  percall filename:lineno(function)
        1    0.000    0.000    0.173    0.173 <string>:1(<module>)
        1    0.173    0.173    0.173    0.173 speed.py:5(m1)
        1    0.000    0.000    0.000    0.000 {method 'disable' of '_lsprof.Prof
iler' objects}


         4 function calls in 0.185 seconds

   Ordered by: standard name

   ncalls  tottime  percall  cumtime  percall filename:lineno(function)
        1    0.000    0.000    0.185    0.185 <string>:1(<module>)
        1    0.185    0.185    0.185    0.185 speed.py:10(m2)
        1    0.000    0.000    0.000    0.000 {method 'disable' of '_lsprof.Prof
iler' objects}
        1    0.000    0.000    0.000    0.000 {method 'iteritems' of 'dict' obje
cts}
2
foosion